Theory - 48 :- Motherboard And Its Types

 

The Computer Motherboard Connects All The Parts (Components) Of A Computer Together. Motherboard is the Heart of any Personal Computer

The motherboard is the most important component in the PC. The entire component such as RAM stick, hard disk drive, optical drives, processor, processor fan and external card are plug-in into motherboard.

Computer motherboard is single platform to connect all of the parts (components) of a computer together, hence it considered as the backbone of a computer.

Below Diagram show Component of Motherboard

Here we are using Asus H110M-cs motherboard

(1)  TPM connector (14-1 pin TPM)

(2) ATX power connector

(3) CPU socket  

(4) CPU and chassis fan connector

(5) DDR4 DIMM slots 

(6) Serial ATA connector

(7) System Front panel connector

(8) Chassis intrusion head 

(9) Speaker Connector 

(10) PCI Express 

(11) Clear RTC RAM 

(12) Front panel audio connector

(13) Serial port connector

(14) PCI Express slots 

(15) LPT connector

(16) USB 3.0 connector

(17) USB 2.0 connector  

MOTHER BOARD TYPES

Motherboard is a printed circuit board.

Active:

• It is comprehensive and the RAM, ROM, CPU is attached in the Motherboard. So we can’t able to upgrade by adding RAM or processor in the motherboard.
• One way to upgrade is replace with newer.
• Example: Only PCI bus slots we can add.

Passive:

• More than interconnecting slots.
• No major chips on the black plane.
• The CPU, RAM, BIOS ROM and other central process component are fabricated on the board that simply plug in to one of the back plane slots

Black Plane:

• It is a group of electrical connector in parallel with each other.
• So the pin and connectors is linked to the same relative pin of other
• connector forming a computer bus.
• The back plane is a printed circuit board containing connections (slots) for expansion boards and allows for communication between all connected boards.

The Motherboard may be Characterized by the

1. Form Factor
2. Chip set
3. Type of processor socket used

 

• Form Factor refers to the motherboard’s geometry, dimensions, arrangement and electrical

Requirements. Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) is the most common design of motherboard for desktop computers.

  

• AT(Advanced Technology):

• AT is introduced by IBM 1984.
• Two sets of 6 pin inline connector:
• CPU is positioned in line with one or more ISA between slots.
• I/O ports (LPT, PS2, USB) are spread out in the board.

 

• Baby AT:

• 1987,size 12”to 8.5”
• The smaller version of original AT motherboard.
• The I/O ports which were cabled to connectors on the back of the case.
• Socket 7 was used.

• ATX (Advanced Technology Extended):

• It is Introduced in the year 1995, size 12”wideX13.8” deep.
• Ex: Intel 850GB ATX
• All I/O are connected in to single I/O panel located rear of the
• motherboard.
• It has 20,24 pin power connector.
• CPU is connected away from all expansion bus slots.
• ATX uses (socket 7, 360, 432, slot 1, slot 2, slot A) CPU.

• Micro ATX:

• It is Slim & small in structure.
• Dimension is 9.6 by 9.6 inches or 7 by 7 inches.
• It used in digital cable boxes &HD recorders.

• Extended ATX:
• It is Used in Work station level motherboard specification.
• It has 12 by 13 inches

• NLX(New Low profile Extended):

• It is introduced 1997, 9” wide X 13.6 deep.
• All expansion slots, power cable & PCI are located on edge mounted riser card.
• This allows easy removal of motherboard.
• AT & ATX is time consuming to upgrade & replace.
• To overcome the replaceable motherboard..

• BTX( Balanced Technology Extended):
• North Bridge & south bridge are located near each other and
• hardware they control line CPU, RAM, expansion ports.

• Chipset is a circuit, which is used to controls the of resources such as the bus interface with the processor, cache memory and RAM, expansion cards, etc. It used to coordinate data transfers between the various components of the computer.

North Bridge: 

• One chip responsible to interface CPU, main memory, AGP.
• The path between CPU & RAM is referred as FSB.
• North Bridge play important role in over clocking.
• It supports:
• P II, p III, Athlon, Duran, Celeron.
• Multiprocessing.
• Processor speed 250 MHZ, 800 MHZ, and 1.5 GHZ.

 South Bridge:

 It handles peripherals controller & I/O controller & Integrate controller.

• It supports:
• ISA bus, serial ports (Rs232).
• Parallel (IEEE 1284 port).
• Hard drive controller.
• Power management features.

The Processor Socket is a connector into which the processor is mounted. The Basic Input Output System (BIOS) and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) are present on the motherboard.

Sockets- eg,Processor socket(PIN GRID ARRAY)

Slots - eg,PCI, DIMM(RAM slot)

Socket 7:

• Designed for Pentium MMX,AMDK6-2, Cyrix MIII processors
• 321 pins, super socket 7 is support processor up to 500MHZ.

Socket 8:

• It is used in Pentium pro, Pentium II
• It is Rectangular shape-387 pins.
• It supports bus speed 60-66MHZ.

Socket 360:

• It is used in Pentium III, Celeron Pentium processor.
• Socket A (or) Socket 462:
• Later model AMD Athlon, AMD Duran processor.
• It used in fsp(133MHZ & 166MHZ ) 200MHZ.

Socket 432:

• It is used in Pentium 4 processor.
• Intel D850 GB motherboards used for Pentium 4 processor.

Slot 1:

• These motherboards SEC single edge catridge.
• Processor box is used rather than a pin grid array chip.
• It has 242 contacts.
• It is used in Pentium II, pentium III.

Slot 2:

• It has330 contacts.
• It is used in Pentium II, pentium III xenon processor.
• Slot motherboards are used high end network server & work station systems.

Slot A:

• It has 242 contacts.
• It is Used in AMD Athlon, Duran processor.
• 
  

Components of Motherboard

The important components of a Motherboard are given below:

 

1. Mouse & keyboard: 

There are two types of keyboard and mouse connectors. First type is called PS/2 and second one is called USB. 

2. USB (Universal serial bus) : 

USB is Universal serial bus. It is used for connection for PC. There are different devices which are used to connect with USB port such as mouse, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even printers.USB connector is used to connect computer motherboard and a peripheral device. You can insert or remove peripheral device connect by USB connector without restarting your system.

3. Parallel Port: Most of old printers are used to connect by  parallel port. Parallel port used more than one wire for sending or receiving multiple bits of data at once, while serial port uses only one wire. Parallel ports use a 25-pin female DB connector.

4. CPU Chip: CPU refers to a processor, the central processing unit, also called the microprocessor performs all the task that take place inside a computer system. It is also known as brain of computer.

5. RAM Slots: RAM slots is for attaching RAM on it in general desktop we can see two slot of RAM but in server motherboard we can see 4+ slot of RAM.RAM comes in different size(memory).

6. Floppy Controller: In old motherboard the floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable, one end of ribbon cable is connecting to floppy drive and other is connected to the motherboard.

7. IDE Controller: IDE that is Integrated Drive Electronics, also called as ATA or Parallel ATA (PATA).IDE controller is responsible for controlling the hard drive. Today’s computers no longer come with a IDE controller.

8. PCI Slot: PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interface; PCI slot allows you to insert expansion cards into your computer. PCI used to connect additional PCI device like network cards, sound cards, modems, video cards. Some of today’s computers no longer come with a PCI expansion slot. Its connect audio, video and graphics.

9. ISA Slot: ISA stands for Industry Standard Architecture, It is the standard architecture of the Expansion bus. Its connect modem and input devices.

10. CMOS Battery: CMOS is complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor is used to store BIOS setting in computer motherboard. CMOS Battery also store date and time.

11. AGP Slot : The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer system, If you have a modern motherboard, you will almost certainly notice a single connector that looks like a PCI slot.A fast port for a graphics card

12. CPU Slot : The processor socket (also called a CPU socket) is the connector on the motherboard that connect a CPU.

13. Power Supply Plug In : The Power supply provides the necessary electrical power to make the computer system operate. The power supply takes standard 110-V AC power and converts into  +/-12-Volt, +/-5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt DC power.

The power supply connector has 20-pins, and the connector can go in only one direction.

Connector Side of Motherboard

 

Keyboard & Mouse: This Port is used to connect keyboard and mouse , now a day we use USB connector for keyboard and mouse

Serial or COM:  It used to connect some types of modem, scanner, or digital camera

Parallel or Printer: You plug your printer into the parallel, or printer, port. But now printers may use a USB port

USB: Designed to replace older Serial and Parallel ports, the USB (Universal Serial Bus) can connect computers with a number of devices, such as printers, keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras, PDAs, and more

Video or Monitor: It used to connect your monitor into the video port

Line Out: It used to connect speakers or headphone into the Line Out jack

Line In: The Line In jack allows you to listen to your computer using a stereo system

Microphone: It used to connect a microphone into this jack to record sounds on your computer

Joystick or Game: If you have a joystick, musical (MIDI) keyboard, or other gaming device, this is where you plug it in

Phone or Modem: The phone or modem jack is where you plug your computer into a phone line

Network or Ethernet: You can connect your computer to a network by plugging in an Ethernet cable in this port

SCSI: It used to connect a hard drive, CD-ROM drive, or other device to a computer

Installing Components of Motherboard

Step 1 ) Install CPU

 

 

 

Step 2 ) Installing CPU Fan

 

Step 3 ) Install RAM

 

Step 4 ) Install SATA devices

 

Step 5 ) Install Expansion cards

Step 6 ) Install system panel connector

Step 7 ) Install ATX power connector

 

Step 8 ) Connecting input/output devices

Step 9 ) Power On the system and install Operating System