Expeiment - 1 :- Installing a Linux Operating System (Ubuntu Desktop)

Aim: To successfully install and configure a Linux Operating System (Ubuntu LTS) on a            Personal Computer using a bootable USB drive.

Apparatus / Requirements:

• Hardware: PC/Laptop (Minimum 2 GHz Dual-Core Processor, 4 GB RAM, 25 GB free storage), USB Flash Drive (8 GB or larger).
• Software: Ubuntu Desktop ISO File (Latest LTS version), Bootable USB creation tool (e.g., Rufus or Balena Etcher).

 

Technical Overview & Process Flow                                        

 PREPARATION     Download Ubuntu ISO  --->  Create Bootable USB (Rufus)  --->  Backup 
 BIOS SETUP      Insert USB  --->  Boot into BIOS (F2/F12/Del)  --->  Set USB Boot #1 
 UBUNTU INSTALLER ENGINE  Select "Try or Install" ---> Language & Keyboard ---> Network/Updates
 DISK PARTITIONING    Erase Disk & Install OR Manual Partitioning (/ , /home , swap)       
 USER ACCOUNT & FINISH  Timezone ---> Create Username/Password ---> Installation ---> Reboot 


Step-by-Step Procedure
1.Prepare the Bootable  USB Drive: Tools: Rufus / BalenaEtcher.
     
Download
the official Ubuntu ISO file from ubuntu.com.
       
Insert
the USB drive (8 GB+) into an existing system.
        
Launch
Rufus, select the target USB, choose the downloaded Ubuntu ISO file, and
click Start to burn the image.
2.Configure BIOS/UEFI Settings: Keys: F2, F10, F12, or DEL.
      
Insert    the bootable USB into the target PC and restart it.
        
Press    the BIOS key repeatedly during startup to enter Setup/Boot Menu.
        
Set        the Boot Priority so the USB Drive is selected first.
        
Save     changes and exit (usually F10).
3.Launch Ubuntu Installer: Live Session Environment.
        
Select
"Try or Install Ubuntu" from the GNU GRUB menu screen.
        
Select
your preferred Language and Keyboard Layout.
        
Choose
connection settings (Wi-Fi or Ethernet) and check "Install third-party
software for graphics and Wi-Fi hardware".
4.Disk Partitioning & Installation Type: Storage Setup.

Choose between two options:
1.   Erase disk and install Ubuntu:
Best for dedicated Linux setups (automatically formats the drive).
2.   Something else (Manual Partitioning):
Ideal for custom layouts or dual-booting.
Recommended Manual Partitions:
·      Root (/)**: ~25 GB – 50 GB (ext4)
·      Swap (swap)**: Equal to RAM size (or 4 GB - 8 GB)
·     Home (/home)**: Remaining disk space (ext4)
5.User Profile & System Setup: Final Configuration.

·        Select     your geographic location (Time Zone: e.g., Asia/Kolkata).
·        Enter      your Name, Computer Name, Username, and a strong Password.
·        Click       Continue to start copying system files.
·        Once      completed, remove the USB drive and click Restart Now.