PRACTICAL - 82 :- To study various cards used in a Computer System.

Aim -  To study various cards used in a Computer System. 

(Ethernet Card, Sound  Card, Video/Graphics Card, Network Interface card ,TV Tuner Card, Accelerator card)

 

• Ethernet Card 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  An Ethernet card is one kind of network adapter. These adapters support the Ethernet standard for high-speed network connections via cables. Ethernet cards are sometimes known as network interface cards (NICs). The Ethernet card was created to build a Local Area Network (LAN). Once Ethernet cable is connected to the Ethernet cards of two or more computers over the LAN, one can transfer files and data. This can be carried out for external hardware such as printers and scanners when information from one computer needs to be transferred to another computer. 

• Sound Card 
  

A sound card (also known as an audio card) is a computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education, and entertainment (games). Many computers have sound capabilities built in, while others require additional expansion cards to provide for audio capability.

• Video/Graphics Card
  
  
  A video card, video adapter, graphics-accelerator card, display adapter or graphics card is an expansion card whose function is to generate and output images to a display. Many video cards offer added functions, such as accelerated rendering of 3D scenes and 2D graphics, video capture, TV-tuner adapter, MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, light pen, TV output, or the ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-monitor). Other modern high performance video cards are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such as PC games.

• Network Interface Card
  
  
  A network interface card provides the computer with a dedicated, full-time connection to a network. Personal computers and workstations on a local area network (LAN) typically contain a network interface card specifically designed for the LAN transmission technology. In computer networking, a NIC provides the hardware interface between a computer and a network. A NIC technically is network adapter hardware in the form factor of an add-in card such as a PCI or PCMCIA card. Some NIC cards work with wired connections while others are wireless. Most NICs support either wired Ethernet or WiFi wireless standards. Ethernet NICs plug into the system bus of the PC and include jacks for network cables, while WiFi NICs contain built-in transmitters / receivers (transceivers). 

•  TV Tuner Card It allows television signals to be received by a computer. Most TV tuners also function as video capture cards, allowing them to record television programs onto a hard disk much like the digital video recorder (DVR) does. The interfaces for TV tuner cards are most commonly either PCI bus expansion card or the newer PCI Express (PCIe) bus for many modern cards. These cards typically include one or more software drivers to expose the cards' features, via various operating systems, to software applications that further process the video for specific purposes. As a class, the cards are used to capture baseband analog composite video, S-Video, and, in models equipped with tuners, RF modulated video. Unlike video editing cards, these cards tend to not have dedicated hardware for processing video beyond the analog-to-digital conversion. Most, but not all, video capture cards also support one or more channels of audio.

• Accelerator card A printed circuit board that enhances a computer's performance by substituting a faster microprocessor without replacing the entire motherboard and associated components. A graphic accelerator is a type of video adapter that contains its own processor to boost performance levels. These processors are specialized for computing graphical transformations, so they achieve better results than the general-purpose CPU used by the computer. In addition, they free up the computer's CPU to execute other commands while the graphics accelerator is handling graphics computations. The popularity of graphical applications, and especially multimedia applications, has made graphics accelerators not only a common enhancement, but a necessity. Most computer manufacturers now bundle a graphics accelerator with their mid-range and high-end systems.

Practical -80 :- Power Supplies and Motherboard Layout

Power Supplies

Power supplies typically look like a rat's nest of wires. These wires are separated into two main groups: motherboard power connections and peripheral power connections.

To begin with, the motherboard requires multiple levels of voltage and multiple sources for proper operation. Therefore, the connectors to the motherboard tend to appear complex. The figures below show the two main types of motherboard power connections that you will see.

 

Older AT Power Supply Connections for a Motherboard

Newer ATX Power Supply Connections for a Motherboard

Unfortunately, the power supplies in our Dell machines do not follow the standards. They are actually a combination of the new ATX style and the older AT style. The connectors, however, are keyed so that there is only one way for them to be connected.

It is particularly easy to destroy a motherboard with the older AT-type power supplies by connecting the power connections wrong. As shown in the diagram, there are two flat, white connectors with six wires going into them. These are the wires that provide power to the motherboard. They connect in a line to connectors on the motherboard. 

Note: These connectors can easily be swapped as they are not keyed. The motherboard will be ruined if this happens! Make sure to plug them in so that the black wires of both connectors are next to each other. If you are unsure, ask before plugging them in.

As for the rest of the wires coming out of the power supply, these provide voltage to the peripheral devices installed inside the PC's housing. These include hard drives, floppy drives, CDROMs, and other storage devices. Each of these connectors has four wires: two providing a ground or 0 volt connection, one for 5 volts, and one for 12 volts. There are two styles of this type of connector: a smaller (about 1/2" wide) white connector that provides power to the floppy disk drive and larger (about 1" wide) connectors that go to all other devices. The latter has a trapezoidal shape when viewed from the end.

 

Power Supply to Motherboard Diagram

Every PSU installation will require 2 direct connections to your motherboard. One for the main motherboard power, and one for the CPU power. The locations where you plug these in on a motherboard will generally be around the same area from board to board. Here's where you connect the power supply cables to the motherboard for our example build:

Motherboard Layout

In this exercise, your lab computer will be disassembled, all that is except the motherboard. The motherboard is the large printed circuit board that is mounted to the bottom of the computer's case. Motherboards have standard mounting holes so that the same computer case can be used with different boards.

 

All of the components of a computer system are connected in some way to the motherboard. It is those connections that this lab is meant to show. In the end, you should be able to connect any device to the motherboard or even swap motherboards. To upgrade a computer's motherboard, simply disconnect all of the peripherals, unmount the old motherboard, mount the new motherboard, and reconnect the peripherals.

The figure below represents a common (yet rather old) motherboard.

 

EXPERIMENT - 79 :- Aim: To identify the front panel indicators and switches and rear side connector in a computer system.

 Aim: To identify the front panel indicators and switches and rear side connector in a computer system. 

Components/Tools :  Computer with front, real panel connection, CD drive, USB, audio,

 

Parallel port (LPT parallel port):

As shown in the diagram parallel port with 25-pins can be used to connect a parallel port printer. Previously dot matrix, ink jet, bubble jet printers etc were connected to parallel port. Nowadays-parallel port is used to connect Dot-Matrix printers.

Serial port:

As shown in the diagram serial ports with 9-pins protruding outwards can be used to connect modem but it can also be used for connecting mouse, provided serial port mouse is available.

VGA Port:

VGA port which has 15-pins is used to connect a monitor.

 PS/2 Port:

Two 6-pin PS/2 ports are there, one is violet to which keyboard is connected and other is Light green to which mouse is connected

 USB Port:

Connecting a USB device to a computer is simple — you find the USB connector on the back of your machine and plug the USB connector into it. USB pots are used to connect to Injket printers, Web Cams, Scanners etc.

Ethernet Port:

Ethernet port is used to connect a computer on network through RJ-45 connector.

Game Port:

Game Port is used to connect joystick, which is usually used in video games Three more ports are available for multimedia connections. Green port is used connect speakers, blue port is used to connect headphones and light Orange is used to connect microphone.

APR - DAY WISE

 

Theory - 83 :- Different Types of Computer Cables

VGA (Video Graphics Array)

This is the cable that is often used to connect a CPU to a display. The cable has 15 pins in all that are arranged in 3 rows with 5 pins on each row. Each row transmits a different color channel: red, green, and blue.

The VGA was first used in the 1980s and used an analogue connection to transmit picture. It became the standard cable to connect a monitor to a CPU. 

 However, as it often happens, technologies evolved. Now, it is generally accepted that a digital connection is a far better way to transmit pictures, which is why many computers have an alternative port such as DVI or HDMI. Yet, CPUs will still often have a VGA port and many people do still use it.

DVI (Digital Visual Interface)

DVI was the natural progression of transmission from VGA. Unlike, VGA, DVI used a digital interface to transmit images. This meant that DVI could be used to connect digital displays such as LCDs, which were much better and sharper and of generally better quality that the CRTs, which were the previous norm.

In addition, DVI was also backward compatible, which meant that people could continue using it with VGA technology, hence not requiring a complete overhaul of all current hardware. DVI connectors generally come in 3 varieties:

DVI-A: is backward compatible. Can transmit analog signals.

DVI-D: Transmits newer digital signals.

DVI-I: Can transmit both analog and digital.

In certain cases, a VGA-to-DVI or DVI-to-VGA converter cable can be used in case the hardware is not compatible. This allows one to continue using an older piece of hardware with a newer one without shelling out money to get all new compatible hardware.

HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)

VGA and DVI were both eventually overtaken by HDMI. While both VGA and DVI continue to be in use, the popularity of HDMI is constantly on the rise. HDMI uses a purely digital connection, however, the advantage of HDMI is that is transmits both video and audio signals together, which make is much more versatile than its predecessors. It also provides the best quality between the three. However, HDMI is not backward compatible, which means that it cannot be fully used with previous technologies, yet there is a HDMI-to-VGA converter available that barely gets the task done.

HDMI connectors come in 4 types:

Type A: Has 19 pins and is the most popular HDMI out there. Is compatible with single-link DVI-D connections.

Type B: Has 29 pins and hence is larger. Is compatible with dual-link DVI-D connections.

Type C: Also has 19 pins and is commonly used with portable devices, such as camcorders and digital cameras.

Type D: Also has 19 pins and looks similar to a micro-USB cord.

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

USB can be dubbed as the single most popular cable in computing. It is used to connect nearly every common device from the likes of mice, keyboards, to printers and cameras, as well as flash drives, wireless adapters, etc.

USBs come in many different varieties, including micro USB, mini USB, type B standard USB, and type A standard USB. The mini USB is the most commonly used one, however, micro USB has garnered a lot of popularity, mainly because it the port used in most smartphones today.

USBs have gone through three main versions: USB 1.0/1.1, USB 2.0, and USB 3.0. USB 1.0 is the slowest of the three with USB 3.0 being the fastest. Currently, USB 2.0 is the most popular and commonly used version; however USB 3.0 is gaining momentum and is now being used specifically for storage devices, in order to transfer date quickly.

IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)

IDE cables were once used to connect storage devices to a motherboard. However, today they have nearly been phased out and are rarely used. The IDE ports typically had 40 pins in two rows; however, the smaller IDE had 44 pins.

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

SATA is what replaced IDE. Today, SATA is commonly used to connect hard drives to the motherboard. A SATA cable has 7 pins and is shaped like an L. As compared to its predecessor IDE, SATA provides higher data transfer speeds.

eSATA (External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

eSATA is nothing more than an extension of SATA. Like SATA, it is used to connect hard drives to the motherboard. However, eSATA is commonly used to connect external hard drives and optical drives. Both, SATA and eSATA provide faster data transfer speeds as compared to its alternatives FireWire and USB.

FireWire

FireWire is similar to USB and is primarily used to transfer data. However, it is not as popular as USB; hence, it won’t be surprising that most people won’t even have heard of it. Still, FireWire provides data transfer speeds much higher than USB. FireWire cables come in two forms: 1394a, which has a transfer speed of 400 Mbps and 1394b, which has a transfer speed of 800 Mbps, as compared to USB which has a transfer speed between 12 Mbps (for USB 1.0) to 4.8 Gbps (for USB 3.0)

Ethernet

Last, but not least is the Ethernet cable, which are commonly used to set up local networks. This is the wire that connects the computer to the router, and the router to the modem. If you have internet, it is because of the Ethernet cable. The Ethernet cable comes in three main variants:

Cat 5: most common and most popular. Provides speeds of either 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps.

Cat 5e: stands for Cat 5 Enhanced. Is the successor of Cat 5. Provides faster speeds, i.e. up to 1,000 Mbps.

Cat 6: The newest and the faster of the three. Supports speeds of up to 10 Gbps.

These are the most common types of computer cables. Nearly every computer uses most of these cables, or at least a type of them.

 

Theory -85.1 :- What is Computer Mouse: Types, Parts, Functions, Uses, Features

             Mouse

Definition – Mouse is a pointing input device of computer. Mouse help to control cursor that is visible on the computer screen while moving the mouse on flat surface place. Its name was originated by its shape that look as mouse, because it has elliptical shaped with mouse tail. Mouse reduces usability of a keyboard. computer mouse.

Traditional mouse was connected with computer through cable or cord, but now these days in the market have to various mouse are available such as wireless mouse, those mice do not need any physical wire to make connection with computer. In technology time, some mouse has some extra buttons for performing other special tasks.

Who Invented Computer Mouse?

Douglas Engelbart is computer mouse inventor. When computer mouse was created in 1960  In 1972, new mouse was developed, that mouse known as the “Ball Mouse”.

Optical mouse was designed by Lisa M. Williams and Robert S. Cherry in 1980, in this computer mouse removed the rubber ball and use new technique optical LED.

The first wireless mouse was introduced by David Liddle and Donald Massaro in 1984 with Metaphor computer;

Types of Mouse

Mouse is very important part of computer. Today, in the market have to various different types of computer mouse are available, and every mouse have own functionality so every user can be used all types of computer mouse according their usage.

Mechanical Mouse	Optical Mouse
Infrared Frequency Cordless Mouse	Trace ball Mouse
Stylus Mouse	3-D Mouse
Specialty Mouse – like Devices	Laser Mouse
Foot Mouse	IntelliMouse
J-Mouse	Joystick
Touchpad (Glide point)	Trackball
Track Point Mouse	Inertial and Gyroscopic mice
Tactile mice	Pucks
Ergonomic mice	Gaming mice

Computer Mouse Parts with their Functions

There are various parts of a computer mouse. Here we will discuss about all parts of mouse and their functions. 

• Buttons: Now these days, every mouse has two buttons, one is left and other right. With the help of these buttons, users can be manipulating any objects and text as well.
• Ball/laser/LED: In mechanical mouse have rubber ball that roll on the surface things such as table. In the optical mouse have laser or LED, these parts allow to mouse for movement on x-axis and y-axis directions, and its parallel   move the mouse cursor on the computer screen.
• Mouse Wheel: Main objective of wheel in mouse for scroll your document page up and down direction.
• Printed Circuit Board: This board is placed inside of mouse chasses, in that board all electronics components embedded such as capacitor, diode, and register etc. This board takes input in the form of electronics signals when user given instructions by mouse such as clicking, scrolling, and more.
• Cable/Wireless Receiver: Corded mouse have cable for plugging with computer. If your mouse is wireless then require the USB receiver for getting the broadcasted signals such as (Infrared, Bluetooth, Radio signals), and then give input to computer.
• Battery: This component is used in the wireless mouse for running stages. if its battery get down then mouse will not working properly.
• Microprocessor: This is a processor that is embedded on the circuit board of mouse. Microprocessor is the brain of mouse, because without microprocessor every components of mouse are workless.

Other Internal Electronic components are: 

• Register – Store data in temporary nature with the help of Microprocessor.
• Capacitor – Help to store electronic information in electric field.
• Diode – For flowing the current in one direction.
• Transistor – For amplify or switch electronic signals.
• IC – This is small wafer, and made of silicon

Features and Advantages of Mouse

• Mostly use with desktop computer systems.
• When buy new brand computer then get mouse with computer..
• No need more training for using it.
• Solve many problems when use mouse while keyboard’s keys.
• Freedom for movement flexibility.
• Freedom for selection of mouse according user’s comfortable because mouse have huge varieties are available in the market.
• Portability- Easy to carry one place to other place.
• Most preferred device for graphic applications areas.
• Some multi function mouse provide to users more flexibilities for cursor movement.
• Having faster to traditional mouse.
• No need more space for using it.
• Low cost.
• Easy to operate indoor and outdoor areas

Disadvantages of Mouse

• Need flat surface.
• Need services regular basis.
• More dust sensitive.
• Some time, dragging operations is difficult by user.
• Mouse can be damaged easily.
• May be, can be eye sight problems due to more use of mouse rotation.
• Need little space for using.
• Palm can be getting pain due to use mouse long time.
• Not easy task for giving text input to computer.
• Getting very low performance due to virus infection.