Theory-44:- DVD

What is the Full form of DVD?

The full form of DVD is Digital Versatile Disc. DVD is a digital optical disc storage format which was developed and invented in 1995 and used to store high-capacity files, such as top-standard videos and movies. VCDs were standard optical digital storage disks before invention, but DVDs have higher capacity than compact discs of almost the same size and shape.

The unofficial full name of DVD also existed, and it was named Digital Video Disc. But as DVDs were not merely restricted to videos, mass technology forums denied this full term. In 1995 Four companies called Sony, Philips, Sony, Panasonic, and Toshiba, discovered and developed it.

History of DVD

• The DVD was first developed to replace VHS tapes but soon became famous as a storage device.
• In 1972, Audio-CD was established as an entertainment tool.
• In 1993, two types of video disks were developed, the MMCD (Multimedia Compact Disc) and the SD (Super Density).

Categories of DVD

A DVD comes in two different sizes.

• DVD with a size of 120 mm – Used for software, videos, operating system storage, etc.
• DVD with a size of 80 mm – Used for compact devices such as portable music player & video camera etc.

DVDs are classified depending on their operation such as

• DVD-ROM can be used only for reading, but it can not be written.
• DVD-R is used for recording data of any kind.
• DVD-RW is Readable, writable and can be deleted & rewritten.

Benefits of DVD

• High capacity storage, for example, 4.7 – 9 Gb.
• Great quality of sound and picture, so the correct approach to store videos & audios.
• Relatively inexpensive, because they are manufactured in mass production.
• Like CD, data can be preserved on both sides of the DVD.

Parts of a DVD Player

 

The DVD player is not only used for playing the data present in a DVD, but also to write the content onto a DVD. To know this process it is essential to know the basics of a DVD.

DVD’s have pits and bumps in their track which holds the information that is required to be played. This information can be a video, audio or a mixture of both. When a DVD player reads this data, the smooth surface is usually taken as a ‘0’ and pits are usually taken as a ‘1’.

In order to create as well as read these data, a red laser with a wavelength of 600 nanometers. This is about 180 nanometers lesser than the wavelength of CD, which enables it to have a higher density of pits. Thus the size of the DVD increases. Though the first released DVD’s were only a single layer, 2 layered discs have been released nowadays. Single layer can hold only up to 4.7 GB of data while double layered DVD can hold up to 17 GB of data. The DVD design is similar to a CD a reflective silver layer in the centre and a semi-transparent gold layer on the top of it.

 

A DVD does not have the capacity to hold hi-def movies. So a MPEG-2 compression system is introduced. As this is used, the data will be encoded onto the DVD as elements of the changing frames. This has to be successfully decoded and decompressed by the DVD player.

Thus the parts of a DVD player are

 

1. Disc drive mechanism

The disc drive mechanism consists of a motor that will drive the disc in a circular motion. The mechanism will also have a disc feed – a loading tray that is used to accept the DVD from the user. Thus the entire disc drive is basically a spindle that holds the disc and a motor that is used to circle the disc. The spindle is held in its position with the help of small gears and belts that are attached internally. Some players have an automatic feed system in which, there will be no tray. Instead the disc will be automatically recognized after inserting a part of it.

2. Optical system

The optical system mainly consists of the laser beam, lenses, prism, photo-detectors and also mirrors. The output of this mechanism will be the input for the disc-drive. The laser beam will be a red laser diode which works at a wavelength of 600 nanometers. The optical system also requires a motor to drive it. The laser system and photo-detector is placed together on a single platform. The laser diode as well as other diodes is made with the help of glass.

3. Printed Circuit Board

The PCB is similar to that of any other electronic circuits. The electronic outline must be drawn on the PCB with the correct placement of all the IC’s resistors as well as capacitors. After the outline has been drawn, the components must be soldered to their respective places. All this must be done in a very clean environment so that the board does not become contaminated by dust. All the primary components of the electronic circuit should be made out of silicon.

Working of DVD Player

Take a look at the basic block diagram of how a DVD player works.

The pits and bumps in the DVD are hit by the laser from the optical mechanism of the DVD player. This laser will be reflected differently according to the change of pits and bumps. Though the laser hits a single spot, the DVD moves in a circular motion so that the entire area is covered. Mirrors are also used to change the spot.

 

These reflected laser beams are then collected by a light sensor (eg. photo-detector) which converts the different signals into a binary code. In short, the optical system helps in converting the data from the DVD into a digital code.

The binary signal is then sent to a Digital to Analog converter which will be setup in the PCB. Thus the corresponding analog signal of the DVD is obtained. The PCB also has amplifiers which amplify the signal and then sends it to the graphic and audio systems of the computer/TV. Thus, the corresponding audio/video signal is obtained. The basic working of a DVD player is shown below.

Theory-42 :- Recognize POST error message code as an indication of problems

Introduction to POST and its Different Types of 

Errors

Power-on Self-test

What Is Power-on Self-test

What is POST? POST, referred to as Power-On Self-Test, is the initial setup of its power-on purpose to determine if there are hardware-related issues with the computer for proper diagnostic testing. The computer is not the only device running POST. Some devices, medical devices, and other devices can also perform very similar self-tests after they are powered on.

If all hardware passes the power-on self-test, the computer will continue the boot up process and may generate a single beep sound as well. If the power-on self-test is unsuccessful, it generates a beep code to indicate the error encountered and the computer will not boot up. All computer POST errors are related to hardware issues with one of the components in the computer.

The Role of POST in the Startup Process

The power-on self-test is the first step in the boot sequence. It doesn't matter if you just restart your computer or turn it on for the first time within a few days. Regardless, POST will run.

It does not depend on any particular operating system. In fact, you don't even need to have an operating system installed on your hard drive to run POST. This is because testing is handled by the system's BIOS and not any installed software.

It checks for the existence and functioning of basic system devices, such as keyboards and other peripherals, and other hardware elements (such as processors, storage devices, and memory).

After the POST, the computer will continue to boot, but only if it completes successfully. The problem definitely comes after POST, such as Windows hangs during startup, but in most cases, these problems may be due to operating system or software issues, not hardware.

In computers compatible with IBM PC, the main responsibility of POST is handled by the BIOS. The BIOS will transfer some of these responsibilities to other programs designed to initialize very specific peripherals, especially for video and SCSI initialization. The principal duties of the main BIOS during POST are as follows:

• Find, size, and verify the system main memory
• Initialize BIOS
• Identify, organize, and select which devices are available for booting
• Verify CPU registers
• Verify the integrity of the BIOS code itself
• Verify some basic components like DMA, timer, interrupt controller
• Pass control to other specialized extensions BIOS (if installed) 

Errors about the Power-on Self-test

Almost everything that might prevent the computer from continuing to boot will signal some kind of error. Errors can come in the form of flashing LEDs, audible beeps, or error messages on the display, all of which are technically called POST codes, beep codes, and on-screen power-on self-test error messages. The following chart is about beeps and their corresponding meanings:

Beeps	Meaning
1 short beep	Normal POST – the system is OK
2 short beeps	POST error – error code is shown on screen
No beep	Power supply, system board problem, disconnected CPU, or disconnected speaker
Continuous beep	Power supply, system board, or maybe RAM problem, keyboard problem
Repeating short beeps	Power supply or system board problem or keyboard
1 long, 1 short beep	System board problem
1 long, 2 short beeps	Display adapter problem (MDA, CGA)
1 long, 3 short beeps	Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)
3 long beeps	3270 keyboard card

If some part of the power-on self-test fails, you will know soon after turning on the computer. For example, if the problem lies with the video card, and therefore you can't see anything on the monitor.

On macOS computers, power-on self-test errors often appear as an icon or another graphic instead of an actual error message. For example, a broken folder icon after starting up your Mac may mean that the computer can't find a suitable hard drive to boot from.

Certain types of failures during the POST might not produce an error at all, or the error may hide behind a computer manufacturer's logo.

Theory-43 :- MOD Drive ( Mechanism of Magneto‐optical(MO) disk)

1. Data READ/WRITE Principle

WRITE process:

Magneto‐optical (MO) disk drive reads and writes data on the MO disk in principle of "Magneto‐optical effect”. It employs laser to read data on the disk, while it needs magnetic field to write data in addition to laser.

MO disk drive is so designed that an inserted disk will be exposed to a magnet on the label side and to the light (laser beam) on the opposite side.

This MO film has a lot of expressly micro magnetic domains vertically aligned on the disk surface.

The magnetic domain, though small‐sized, has a powerful magnetism enough not to be affected by magnetic field available in general environments.

On the other hand, the magnetic domain has a characteristic that its magnetic force will decrease according to the temperature increase. Once the temperature rises to a certain level, the magnetic domain loses its characteristic as a magnet. This temperature ranges, 300 while it varies with the MO film's composition.

This temperature is called the "Curie temperature."

• Magnet
• Magneto‐optical disk rotation direction
• Laser beam

 

The reason why laser beam is utilized is

1. It has sufficient energy to instantaneously achieve a temperature rise up to Curie temperature.
2. It allows so fine one‐micron diameter spot to be heated by means of an optical lens.

The magnetic domain which reaches the Curie temperature loses its own magnetism and it is easily affected by outer magnetic field. Exposing the heated domain into outer magnetic field generated by magnet allows its polarity to change according to the field. As a consequence, laser beam and magnet can make magnetic domain on MO recording film those size and magnetic polarity are controlled by laser beam and magnet respectively.

 

READ Process:

The laser beam is used to read the magnetic polarity of the domain. In the case, the beam has so small energy that the magnetization of the domain is not diminished. Reflective light coming from the domain is used to read data and it has a characteristic of polarization. The reflective light has a polarization angle (Keer rotation angle) which has been changed delicately according to the direction of magnetization of the domain. This is called the Keer effect. Since the reflective surface of the domain has two types of magnetization, pole S and N, we can detect two types of polarization angle. Moreover, those two types can be assigned to digital data. For instance, pole S is assigned as 1 and pole N is assigned as 0.

 

2. Construction of a MO Disk

Look at a sectional view of MO disk. Thickness of the disk is mostly dominated by poly carbonate. MO disk never distort while laser beam are passing it through. Wherever it passes, the substrate (poly‐carbonate plate) should allow the beam to be transmitted completely. MO disk should be neither distorted by heat nor cracked by the influence of impact. It is poly carbonate resin that meets such requirement. And it is the reason why the resin is applied to MO disk substrate. Onto this poly‐carbonate resin substrate, a few films are formed, thereby composing MO disk. Those films are functioning differently one another.

[Sectional view of Magneto‐optical Disk]

0.3 micron thickness

Protective film (ultra‐violet hardened resin)

To protect recording film(several micron thickness)

Reflective film

To improve read efficiency

2nd dielectric film

To protect magneto‐optical film, to insulate heat, etc.

Magneto‐optical film

Recording film

1st dielectric film

To protect magneto‐optical film, to improve read efficiency, etc.

Poly carbonate resin

Transparent plate (1.2mm thickness)

Protective film (UV‐hardened resin)

To protect Poly carbonate surface (several micron thickness) Incidence of Laser Beam

 

1st dielectric film plays a role of a protective film to protect the MO film while enhancing the rotation of polarization angle so that the sensor can detect more readily (referred to as "Keer effect enhancement"). MO film is the recording film which plays a leading role on MO disk. It is made of alloy including a few kind of metal element, such as Tb (terbium), Fe (iron) and Co(cobalt). It satisfies two requirements; one is the  reluctance to change the direction of a magnetization and the other is to arrange the orientation of the magnetization in a fixed direction.

2nd dielectric film also protects the MO film while playing a role of enhancing Keer rotation angle. In addition, it has a thermal insulation effect.

This insulation property prevents heat from escaping into the reflective film while MO film is heated. Thus, the thermal insulation is utilized for an efficient use of laser beam power.

Reflective film is used to reflect laser beam to read data. Since the film reflects light, MO disk is looked as bright as rainbow colors.

These films are produced on the poly carbonate substrate through the production process called "spattering." To protect these films against possible scratch and corrosion, additional protective films are coated over the films and also coated over the poly carbonate plate opposite side.

3 Re writable Optical Disk/Phase‐change Optical Disk

Using 1.2 micron track pitch and zone constant angular velocity (ZCAV), phase‐change optical disk realizes 650 megabytes recording capacity that is identical with that of CD‐ROM.

In addition, phase‐change optical disk is capable of repeating READ/WRITE so that you can store and make effective use of large‐capacity data, such as images, animation, databases, etc.

Phase‐change Recording System (READ/WRITE with Laser Beam)

The phase‐change optical disk employs a recording system different from that of CD‐R(record able CD) or of MO disk. In case of writing data, intensive laser beam is radiated onto the recording film of the disk, thereby it causes the recording film's phase change (alternation of material's status: crystalline phase and amorphous phase). If the recording film' phase changes, the reflectance of the film changes. And this phase‐change is utilized to write data. To read data, a lower power intensity of laser beam than that in the WRITE process are radiated to detect reflectance of the recording film. Since the recording film can be subjected to a number of phase‐changes, the data can be rewritten for number of times (for more than 500 thousand overwrite cycles).

1. Phase‐change Recording System
2. Anneal
3. Melt & quench
4. Amorphous phase
5. Crystalline phase
6. Disk rotation direction
7. Laser beam
8. Laser power
9. Recording level
10. Erase level
11. Read level

 

Direct Overwrite (simultaneously processing ERASE and WRITE at a time)

The phase‐change optical disk allows for direct OVERWRITE, or WRITE data at the ERASE process. This system, therefore, realizes high speed WRITE process.

 

Highly Durable Recording Film

Special dielectric films on the surface of phase‐change disk are helpful to increase recording efficiency while upgrading the recording film's strength. As a result, the disk achieves an excellent durability and longevity.

1. Sectional View of Phase‐change Optical Disk
2. Protect film
3. Effective film
4. 2nd dielectric film
5. Recording film
6. 1st dielectric film
7. Polycarbonate resin
8. Laser beam

Theory- 46:- Zip drive, Tape Drive

Zip drive

The Zip drive is a medium‐capacity removable floppy disk storage system that was introduced by Iomega in late 1994. Originally, Zip disks launched with capacities of 100 MB, but later versions increased this to first 250 MB and then 750 MB.

A Zip drive is a removable, magnetic disk storage system for computers. Introduced in the mid‐1990s it provided much more storage capacity than floppy disks. By the early 2000s Zip drives became largely obsolete with the advance of USB flash drives, recordable CDs and external hard disks.

Introduction

In the early 1990s, the 3 inch‐floppy disk was the most widely used removable storage system for personal computers; however, a typical floppy could not store more than about 2 MB of data. That is really small by today's standards ‐ you could not even fit a single MP3 song on a floppy. Even at the time, many computer users had a need for larger removable storage. In 1994, the company Iomega introduced the first Zip drive. Much sturdier than the 3‐inch floppy, it had a storage capacity of 100 MB. This represented a breakthrough for removable storage, and Zip drives quickly became very popular.

How a Zip Drive Works

A Zip drive system consists of a disk drive with a slot for a Zip disk and the Zip disk itself, also referred to as a Zip cartridge. A Zip disk is about the same size as a 3 􀳦 inch floppy, but much thicker. The plastic casing is also much stronger. The actual disk itself relies on magnetic storage, much like hard disks and floppy disks.

ZIP disk with a storage capacity of 100 MB

When the first Zip disk with a storage capacity of 100 MB was introduced, it represented a very good alternative for computer users who needed more removable storage than floppy disks could provide. In addition to a larger storage capacity, the Zip drive had several other advantages. The data transfer rate (or how fast data can be moved between the disk and the computer's internal storage) was higher. The seek time (the time it takes to find a particular location on the disk to read or write data) was much faster. And, the disks themselves were much stronger and less vulnerable to damage.

There are two types of Zip disk drives: internal and external. An internal drive is installed inside the actual computer case, similar to how an optical drive (CD/DVD) is installed. The drive is directly connected to the motherboard of the computer, and the drive itself cannot easily be removed.

Internal Zip drive

An external drive has its own separate casing and connects to the computer using a separate connector cable. Earlier models used a parallel port connection, while later models used a USB connection. Drives with a parallel port connection also needed their own power supply.

External zip drive

Zip disks work in both types of drives.

The Rise and Fall of the Zip Drive

After its introduction, the Zip drive quickly became very popular. The storage capacity was greater than that of a floppy disk and the cost per unit of storage was lower than that of hard disk drives. Iomega also released larger capacity disks of 250 MB and 750 MB. Several computer manufacturers started putting internal Zip drives into

A Tape Drive is a data storage device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape. Magnetic tape data storage is typically used for offline, archival data storage. Tape media generally has a favorable unit cost and a long archival stability.

A device, like a tape recorder, that reads data from and writes it onto a tape. Tape drives have data capacities of anywhere from a few hundred kilobytes to several gigabytes. Their transfer speeds also vary considerably. Fast tape drives can transfer as much as 20MB (megabytes) per second.

The disadvantage of tape drives is that they are sequential‐access devices, which means that to read any particular block of data, you need to read all the preceding blocks. This makes them much too slow for general purpose storage operations. However, they are the least expensive media for making backups.

Theory-45 :- DAT (Digital Audio Tape) ,WORM (write once, read many)

DAT (Digital Audio Tape) is a standard medium and technology for the digital recording of audio on tape at a

Professional level of quality. A DAT drive is a digital tape recorder with rotating heads similar to those found in a video deck. Most DAT drives can record at sample rates of 44.1 kHz, the CD audio standard, and 48 kHz. DAT has become the standard archiving technology in professional and semi‐professional recording environments for master recordings. Digital inputs and outputs on professional DAT decks allow the user to transfer recordings from the DAT tape to an audio workstation for precise editing. The compact size and low cost of the DAT medium makes it an excellent way to compile the recordings that are going to be used to create a CD master.

As an archiving medium, DAT is an alternative to consider along with

• Digital Data Storage (DDS1 through DDS3)
• Optical disc
• VHS tape

Acronym for digital audio tape, a type of magnetic tape that uses a scheme called helical scan to record data. A DAT cartridge is slightly larger than a credit card in width and height and contains a magnetic tape that can hold from 2 to 24 gigabytes of data. It can support data transfer rates of about 2 MBps. Like other types of tapes, DATs are sequential‐access media. The most common format for DAT cartridges is DDS (digital data storage).

 

What is WORM (write once, read many)?

WORM (Write Once, Read Many) storage had emerged in the late 1980s and was popular with large institutions for the archiving of high volume, sensitive data. When data is written to a WORM drive, physical marks are made on the media surface by a low-powered laser and since these marks are permanent, they cannot be erased.

In computer media, write once, read many, or WORM, is a data storage technology that allows data to be written to a storage medium a single time and prevents the data from being erased or modified. Data stored on a WORM-compliant device is considered immutable; authorized users can read the data as often as needed, but they cannot change it. Immutable storage plays a pivotal role in meeting data security and compliance requirements and protecting against ransom ware and other threats.

Storage media that support WORM storage are purposely non-re writable to prevent anyone from intentionally or accidentally erasing or modifying the data after it is initially stored. Because of this feature, government agencies and enterprises have long used WORM devices for archival purposes. Organizations subject to compliance rules find the technology useful. For example, the Securities and Exchange Commission requires brokers and dealers to retain their digital records on storage media that preserves the records in a non-re writable, non-erasable format.

Re writable, or erasable, optical disk drives followed, providing the same high capacities as those provided by WORM or CD-ROM devices. However, despite the significant improvements made by recent optical technologies, performance continued to lag that of hard disk devices. On the plus side optical drives offered several advantages. Their storage medium is rugged, easily transportable and immune from head crashes and the kind of data loss caused by adverse environmental factors.

 

The result is that the relative advantages of the two types of system make them complementary rather than competitive – optical drives offering security, magnetic drives real-time performance. The development of the CD/DVD technologies to include recordable and re-writable formats has had a dramatic impact in the removable storage arena and compatibility is an important and unique advantage of the resulting family of products. Today’s market is large enough to accommodate a number of different technologies offering a wide range of storage capacities.

The predominant are:

• magnetic disk
• magneto-optical
• phase-change

At time of writing, the resulting range of capacities can be categorized as follows:

• floppy replacements (100MB to 150MB)
• super-floppies (200MB to 300MB)
• hard disk complement (500MB to 1GB)
• removable hard disks (1GB plus)

 

Theory - 48 :- Motherboard And Its Types

 

The Computer Motherboard Connects All The Parts (Components) Of A Computer Together. Motherboard is the Heart of any Personal Computer

The motherboard is the most important component in the PC. The entire component such as RAM stick, hard disk drive, optical drives, processor, processor fan and external card are plug-in into motherboard.

Computer motherboard is single platform to connect all of the parts (components) of a computer together, hence it considered as the backbone of a computer.

Below Diagram show Component of Motherboard

Here we are using Asus H110M-cs motherboard

(1)  TPM connector (14-1 pin TPM)

(2) ATX power connector

(3) CPU socket  

(4) CPU and chassis fan connector

(5) DDR4 DIMM slots 

(6) Serial ATA connector

(7) System Front panel connector

(8) Chassis intrusion head 

(9) Speaker Connector 

(10) PCI Express 

(11) Clear RTC RAM 

(12) Front panel audio connector

(13) Serial port connector

(14) PCI Express slots 

(15) LPT connector

(16) USB 3.0 connector

(17) USB 2.0 connector  

MOTHER BOARD TYPES

Motherboard is a printed circuit board.

Active:

• It is comprehensive and the RAM, ROM, CPU is attached in the Motherboard. So we can’t able to upgrade by adding RAM or processor in the motherboard.
• One way to upgrade is replace with newer.
• Example: Only PCI bus slots we can add.

Passive:

• More than interconnecting slots.
• No major chips on the black plane.
• The CPU, RAM, BIOS ROM and other central process component are fabricated on the board that simply plug in to one of the back plane slots

Black Plane:

• It is a group of electrical connector in parallel with each other.
• So the pin and connectors is linked to the same relative pin of other
• connector forming a computer bus.
• The back plane is a printed circuit board containing connections (slots) for expansion boards and allows for communication between all connected boards.

The Motherboard may be Characterized by the

1. Form Factor
2. Chip set
3. Type of processor socket used

 

• Form Factor refers to the motherboard’s geometry, dimensions, arrangement and electrical

Requirements. Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) is the most common design of motherboard for desktop computers.

  

• AT(Advanced Technology):

• AT is introduced by IBM 1984.
• Two sets of 6 pin inline connector:
• CPU is positioned in line with one or more ISA between slots.
• I/O ports (LPT, PS2, USB) are spread out in the board.

 

• Baby AT:

• 1987,size 12”to 8.5”
• The smaller version of original AT motherboard.
• The I/O ports which were cabled to connectors on the back of the case.
• Socket 7 was used.

• ATX (Advanced Technology Extended):

• It is Introduced in the year 1995, size 12”wideX13.8” deep.
• Ex: Intel 850GB ATX
• All I/O are connected in to single I/O panel located rear of the
• motherboard.
• It has 20,24 pin power connector.
• CPU is connected away from all expansion bus slots.
• ATX uses (socket 7, 360, 432, slot 1, slot 2, slot A) CPU.

• Micro ATX:

• It is Slim & small in structure.
• Dimension is 9.6 by 9.6 inches or 7 by 7 inches.
• It used in digital cable boxes &HD recorders.

• Extended ATX:
• It is Used in Work station level motherboard specification.
• It has 12 by 13 inches

• NLX(New Low profile Extended):

• It is introduced 1997, 9” wide X 13.6 deep.
• All expansion slots, power cable & PCI are located on edge mounted riser card.
• This allows easy removal of motherboard.
• AT & ATX is time consuming to upgrade & replace.
• To overcome the replaceable motherboard..

• BTX( Balanced Technology Extended):
• North Bridge & south bridge are located near each other and
• hardware they control line CPU, RAM, expansion ports.

• Chipset is a circuit, which is used to controls the of resources such as the bus interface with the processor, cache memory and RAM, expansion cards, etc. It used to coordinate data transfers between the various components of the computer.

North Bridge: 

• One chip responsible to interface CPU, main memory, AGP.
• The path between CPU & RAM is referred as FSB.
• North Bridge play important role in over clocking.
• It supports:
• P II, p III, Athlon, Duran, Celeron.
• Multiprocessing.
• Processor speed 250 MHZ, 800 MHZ, and 1.5 GHZ.

 South Bridge:

 It handles peripherals controller & I/O controller & Integrate controller.

• It supports:
• ISA bus, serial ports (Rs232).
• Parallel (IEEE 1284 port).
• Hard drive controller.
• Power management features.

The Processor Socket is a connector into which the processor is mounted. The Basic Input Output System (BIOS) and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) are present on the motherboard.

Sockets- eg,Processor socket(PIN GRID ARRAY)

Slots - eg,PCI, DIMM(RAM slot)

Socket 7:

• Designed for Pentium MMX,AMDK6-2, Cyrix MIII processors
• 321 pins, super socket 7 is support processor up to 500MHZ.

Socket 8:

• It is used in Pentium pro, Pentium II
• It is Rectangular shape-387 pins.
• It supports bus speed 60-66MHZ.

Socket 360:

• It is used in Pentium III, Celeron Pentium processor.
• Socket A (or) Socket 462:
• Later model AMD Athlon, AMD Duran processor.
• It used in fsp(133MHZ & 166MHZ ) 200MHZ.

Socket 432:

• It is used in Pentium 4 processor.
• Intel D850 GB motherboards used for Pentium 4 processor.

Slot 1:

• These motherboards SEC single edge catridge.
• Processor box is used rather than a pin grid array chip.
• It has 242 contacts.
• It is used in Pentium II, pentium III.

Slot 2:

• It has330 contacts.
• It is used in Pentium II, pentium III xenon processor.
• Slot motherboards are used high end network server & work station systems.

Slot A:

• It has 242 contacts.
• It is Used in AMD Athlon, Duran processor.
• 
  

Components of Motherboard

The important components of a Motherboard are given below:

 

1. Mouse & keyboard: 

There are two types of keyboard and mouse connectors. First type is called PS/2 and second one is called USB. 

2. USB (Universal serial bus) : 

USB is Universal serial bus. It is used for connection for PC. There are different devices which are used to connect with USB port such as mouse, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even printers.USB connector is used to connect computer motherboard and a peripheral device. You can insert or remove peripheral device connect by USB connector without restarting your system.

3. Parallel Port: Most of old printers are used to connect by  parallel port. Parallel port used more than one wire for sending or receiving multiple bits of data at once, while serial port uses only one wire. Parallel ports use a 25-pin female DB connector.

4. CPU Chip: CPU refers to a processor, the central processing unit, also called the microprocessor performs all the task that take place inside a computer system. It is also known as brain of computer.

5. RAM Slots: RAM slots is for attaching RAM on it in general desktop we can see two slot of RAM but in server motherboard we can see 4+ slot of RAM.RAM comes in different size(memory).

6. Floppy Controller: In old motherboard the floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable, one end of ribbon cable is connecting to floppy drive and other is connected to the motherboard.

7. IDE Controller: IDE that is Integrated Drive Electronics, also called as ATA or Parallel ATA (PATA).IDE controller is responsible for controlling the hard drive. Today’s computers no longer come with a IDE controller.

8. PCI Slot: PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interface; PCI slot allows you to insert expansion cards into your computer. PCI used to connect additional PCI device like network cards, sound cards, modems, video cards. Some of today’s computers no longer come with a PCI expansion slot. Its connect audio, video and graphics.

9. ISA Slot: ISA stands for Industry Standard Architecture, It is the standard architecture of the Expansion bus. Its connect modem and input devices.

10. CMOS Battery: CMOS is complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor is used to store BIOS setting in computer motherboard. CMOS Battery also store date and time.

11. AGP Slot : The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer system, If you have a modern motherboard, you will almost certainly notice a single connector that looks like a PCI slot.A fast port for a graphics card

12. CPU Slot : The processor socket (also called a CPU socket) is the connector on the motherboard that connect a CPU.

13. Power Supply Plug In : The Power supply provides the necessary electrical power to make the computer system operate. The power supply takes standard 110-V AC power and converts into  +/-12-Volt, +/-5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt DC power.

The power supply connector has 20-pins, and the connector can go in only one direction.

Connector Side of Motherboard

 

Keyboard & Mouse: This Port is used to connect keyboard and mouse , now a day we use USB connector for keyboard and mouse

Serial or COM:  It used to connect some types of modem, scanner, or digital camera

Parallel or Printer: You plug your printer into the parallel, or printer, port. But now printers may use a USB port

USB: Designed to replace older Serial and Parallel ports, the USB (Universal Serial Bus) can connect computers with a number of devices, such as printers, keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras, PDAs, and more

Video or Monitor: It used to connect your monitor into the video port

Line Out: It used to connect speakers or headphone into the Line Out jack

Line In: The Line In jack allows you to listen to your computer using a stereo system

Microphone: It used to connect a microphone into this jack to record sounds on your computer

Joystick or Game: If you have a joystick, musical (MIDI) keyboard, or other gaming device, this is where you plug it in

Phone or Modem: The phone or modem jack is where you plug your computer into a phone line

Network or Ethernet: You can connect your computer to a network by plugging in an Ethernet cable in this port

SCSI: It used to connect a hard drive, CD-ROM drive, or other device to a computer

Installing Components of Motherboard

Step 1 ) Install CPU

 

 

 

Step 2 ) Installing CPU Fan

 

Step 3 ) Install RAM

 

Step 4 ) Install SATA devices

 

Step 5 ) Install Expansion cards

Step 6 ) Install system panel connector

Step 7 ) Install ATX power connector

 

Step 8 ) Connecting input/output devices

Step 9 ) Power On the system and install Operating System