Practical - 89 :- Restoring the computer from a system image in windows7

Restoring the computer from a system image in windows7

Objectives: - To backup and restore the windows partitions.

Requirements

Tools/Instruments/Equipments  : - Pentium IV or Higher  Configuration

                                                       System

Procedure

 

Task 1 :-  Backing UP and restoring the windows partition

• Click start and then click control panel

• Click “Backup Your Computer”, Under “System And Security “.

The Backup and Restore Center Opens.

• Click” Recover System Settings Or Your Computer “ as on Figure 1 .

• Under System Restore, Click “Advanced Recovery Methods “ Figure 2.

• On The Advanced Recovery Methods Page, Click “Use A System image you created earlier to recover your computer”, Figure 3.

• If You have created any files since you created the system image disks, you should  click backup now to save copies of your recent files as on fig 4.

 If you have a current back up of your files ,click skip as on fig 4.

• Click restart to continue the recovery as on Fig 5.

• After Clicking restart button the process windows will display as on figure 6.

After a few minutes the backup destination selection window will appear as on figure 7

• Select the backup destination drive and click next button as in figure 7.
• Select “Let Windows Choose ( Recommended)” Option  and Click Next Button. 

The Review Your Backup Settings “window will appear as on Figure 8.

• Click “ Save Setting And Run Backup”, Button. The Window Will appear as on Figure 9.

• The Backup Progress Window will Display as on Figure 10.
• Get it checked with your instructor.

For More Information Click This :-  https://youtu.be/MA7amAdioZc

 

 

 

Practical - 89:- Windows System Image

Practical - 86 :- Installation of Motherboard in Case

 

Install the Motherboard

Introduction

In this Practical, you will install a CPU, a heat sink/fan assembly, and a RAM module on the motherboard. You will then install the motherboard in the computer case.

 

Equipment

Computer case with power supply installed

Motherboard

CPU

Heat sink/fan assembly

Thermal compound

RAM module(s)

Motherboard standoffs and screws

Antistatic wrist strap and antistatic mat

Tool kit

Motherboard manual

 

Procedure

Step 1  :- Place the motherboard, the CPU, the heat sink/fan assembly and the RAM module on the antistatic mat.

 

Step 2 :-  Put on your antistatic wrist strap and attach the grounding cable to the antistatic mat. Locate Pin 1 on the CPU. Locate Pin 1 on the socket.

NOTE: The CPU may be damaged if it is installed incorrectly. Align Pin 1 on the CPU with Pin 1 on the socket. Place the CPU into the CPU socket. Close the CPU load plate and secure it in place by closing the load lever and moving it under the load lever retention tab.

Step 3 :- Apply a small amount of thermal compound to the CPU and spread it evenly.

NOTE: Thermal compound is only necessary when not included on the heat sink. Follow all instructions provided by the manufacturer for specific application details.

 

Step 4 :- Align the heat sink/fan assembly retainers with the holes on the motherboard around the CPU socket. Place the heat sink/fan assembly onto the CPU and the retainers through the holes on the motherboard.

Tighten the heat sink/fan assembly retainers to secure it. Plug the fan connector into the motherboard. Refer to the motherboard manual to determine which set of fan header pins to use.

 

Step 5  :- Locate the RAM slots on the motherboard. In what type of slot(s) will the RAM module(s) be installed? How many notches are found on the bottom edge of the RAM module? Align the notch(es) on the bottom edge of the RAM module to the notches in the slot. Press down until the side tabs secure the RAM module. Ensure that none of the RAM module contacts are visible. Reseat the RAM module if necessary. Check the latches to verify that the RAM module is secure.

Install any additional RAM modules using the same procedures.

 

Step 6 :- Install the motherboard standoffs. Align the connectors on the back of the motherboard with the openings in the back of the computer case. Place the motherboard into the case and align the holes for the screws and the stand[1]offs. You may need to adjust the motherboard to line up the holes for the screws. Attach the motherboard to the case using the appropriate screws.

 

Step 7 :- Connect the wires from the case link lights and buttons to the motherboard connectors.

Theory - 96 :- Control Panel in Windows or Computer

 

Introduction

The Control Panel in Microsoft Windows enables a user to change various computer hardware and software features. Settings for the mouse, display, sound, network, and keyboard represent a few examples of what may be modified in the Control Panel. Below are examples of how the Control Panel appeared in Windows.

Sections of the Windows Control Panel

There are eight main areas on the Control Panel, containing different tools designed to optimize your computer.

1. System and Security - A section to check your computer's status, backup and restore, and others.
2. Network and Internet - View network status.
3. Hardware and Sound - View which devices are on your computer and add devices.
4. Programs - Uninstall programs.
5. User Accounts - Change user accessibility.
6. Appearance and Personalization - Change desktop options, like fonts and screen readers.
7. Clock and Region - Change date and time.
8. Ease of access - Optimize your display settings.

 

Role of Control Panel in Windows or Computer

The control panel is required to customize the environment of Windows. We can customize the environment of Windows by setting some settings, such as adjusting the display and setting the color of the screen, adjusting the modem, reducing or decreasing the speed of the mouse, setting or resetting the password, key repeat rate Setting the font and increasing its size, etc.

Control panels are used to maintain the system in the window application. With the help of a control panel, we can install or remove the hardware and software in the system.

To open the Control Panel, we have to double click on its icon, which is on the desktop, or by double clicking on the Control Panel icon in My Computer, we can also open the Control Panel.

With the help of a control panel, we can do the following:-

• Adding New Hardware (Play & Plug): –When we add new hardware in the first version of Window 95, then there are a lot of problems. The hardware that they insert themselves has to work with its conflicting IRQs, DMAs, port addresses, On-Board memory addresses, etc. Removed all these problems in window 95. He configures each new hardware. And you can easily connect your hardware. This way you can plug in new hardware and play it, so it is also called plug and play
• Adding a new program or deleting the old: –We can do this work easily with the help of a control panel. In addition to the modules of Window 95, we can sometimes add or remove other types of programs. With this help, we can also create a startup disk to start our computer so that, when the operating system suddenly crashes, we can use it.
• Setting Date and Time: –Double click on the date and time icon in the control panel. With the help of this option we can set the date and time on the computer
• Customizing your screen display: –With the help of the display icon, we can change all the settings related to the display and screen. For this, you have to double click on the Display icon. After that the Display Property dialog box appears on the screen, which consists of 4 pages: – Screensaver, Appearance, Background, and Settings
• Setting the font: –Many fonts are installed in the window. Whenever you run an application, that application chooses its fonts from the already installed fonts. When you click on the font icon, the font window will appear.
• Setting up Keyboard, Joystick, Mouse, Modem and Printers: –The keyboard icon displays 3 pages: Speed, Language & General. We connect the joystick with the Games application. We can connect a lot of joysticks to the PC at one time, so select the joystick you want to work with from the dropdown list box. When you click the mouse icon, 4 pages appear in the dialog box: – the Buttons, Pointer, Motion, & General. Through modem icons we can add, remove and set modem (s).
• Setting up multimedia and sound system: –We can change all multimedia devices and controls by selecting multimedia icons. Can change properties of multimedia, audio, video, MIDI, CD-Music etc.
• Administrative tools:-With this help, users and groups can be added or removed. Through this, you can perform other administrative tasks.
• Internet options:-With this, Internet options such as security, privacy and various types of configurations can be defined.
• System:-It provides the facility to access the configuration of the computer system.
• Task Bar and Status Bar: –With the help of this, you can add and remove new items in the status bar and taskbar
• Firewall:-With this help, we can protect our computer from computer viruses and unauthorized access. With the help of a control panel, you can do all these things. You can also call it Role of Control Panel in Windows or Computer

 

Theory - 94 :- DOS ( Disk Operating System)

 

Introduction:

DOS (Disk Operating System) is an oldest type of Operating System. Disk Operating  System is abbreviated as DOS. DOS is a CUI type of Operating System. In computer science, a generic term describing any operating system is system software which is loaded from disk devices when the system is started or rebooted. DOS is a single-tasking, single-user operating system with a command-line interface.

DOS acts on commands. Because DOS is ready to perform when given proper command hence, it is also known as Command Prompt.

Commands are certain words of English language or short form of English words. The meaning of these word or short form is already known to DOS. Since, DOS recognized these words and hence acts accordingly. These words and short forms of the English words are better known as commands.

• Internal Command:-Those commands which are already stored in the “Command.Com” file of DOS are known as internal commands. For example, CLS, VOL, TIME, DATE, COPY etc
• External Command:-Those commands which are not included in the command.com file of DOS rather included in other files of DOS are known as external commands. It is formatted according to programmed. For example, TREE, FORMAT, MODE etc

Theory - 95 :- Operating System

Operating System

An Operating system (OS) is a software which acts as an interface between the end user and computer hardware. Every computer must have at least one OS to run other programs. Applications like Chrome, MS Word, Games, etc needs some environment in which it will run and perform its task. The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's language. It is not possible for the user to use any computer or mobile device without having an operating system.

Function of an Operating System

In an operating system software performs each of the function:

1. Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.
2. Memory management:- Memory management module performs the task of allocation and de[1]allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resources.
3. File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
4. Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module also responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.
5. I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of those hardware devices from the user.
6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a running program can reference it.
7. Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a computer system against malware threat and authorized access. 
8. Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the and acting system resources to process that commands.
9. Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the network.
10. Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users.
11. Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, and another software resource of the various users of the computer systems. 
    
    
    

Types of Operating system:

Some of the widely used operating systems are as follows:

1. Single-user: It is an operating system in which the user can manage one thing at a time effectively.
2. Multi-user: It is a computer operating system which allows multiple users to access the single system with one operating system on it. It is generally used on large mainframe computers.
3. Multi-processing: This OS supports running a program on more than one CPU.
4. Multitasking: This type allows more than one program to run simultaneously.
5. Multithreading: Such an operating system allows different parts of a single program to run parallel.
6. Real time: These operating systems are used when there are time requirements are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots etc. 

Theory-93:- Software, Types of Software

A Computer is an electronic device that can perform various operations of computation at a greater speed than what an ordinary machine or human mind can do. It is driven by many entities including the physical and tangible components that we can touch or feel, called the Hardware and programs and commands that drive the hardware, called the Software. The Software refers to the set of instructions fed in form of programs to govern the computer system and process the hardware components.

For example:

• The antivirus that we use to protect our computer system is a type of Software.  
• The media players that we use to play multimedia files such as movies, music etc. are Software.  
• The Microsoft Office we use to edit the documents is a Software.

Depending on its use and area of implementation, Software’s can be divided into 3 major types:

1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software 

System Software

These are the software that directly allows the user to interact with the hardware components of a computer system. As the humans and machines follow different languages, there has to be an interface that will allow the users to interact with the core system, this interface is provided by the software. The system software can be called the main or the alpha software of a computer system as it handles the major portion of running hardware. This System Software can be further divided into four major types:

1. The Operating System – It is the main program that governs and maintains the inter[1]cooperation of the components of a computer system. For eg., Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS etc.
2. The Language Processor – The hardware components present in the computer system does not understand human language. There are three types of language involved in the world of human-machine interaction:

Machine-Level Language: The machines only understand the digital signals or the binary codes or the binary language which consist of strings of 0’s and 1’s.  These are totally machine dependent language.

Assembly-Level Language: These are the Low-Level Language (LLL), that forms a correspondence between machine level instruction and general assembly level statements. Assembly language uses a mnemonics to represent each low-level machine instruction or operation-code also called the op-codes. For eg., ADD instruction is used to add two entities, the HALT instruction is used to stop a process etc. It is a machine dependent language and varies from processor to processor.

High-Level Language: These are the simple English statements, that humans use to program and code as it is easy to read and understand to the human world. For eg., Java, C, C++, Python etc.

The machine level language is very complex to understand and code, therefore the users prefer the High-Level Language or the HLL for coding. These codes need to be converted into the machine language so that the computer can easily understand and work accordingly. This operation is performed by the Language Processor which is made up of further three components:

Assembler: This language processor is used to convert the assembly language into machine level language. Assembler: This language processor is used to convert the assembly language into machine level language.

Compiler: This language processor is used to convert High-Level Language into machine level language in one go, thus execution time is fast. The error detection is difficult in a compiler. Programming Languages like C, C++ and Scala use compiler.

Interpreter: This language processor is also used to convert High-Level Language into machine level language line-by-line, thus execution time is slow. Error[1]detection is easier in an interpreter as it reports as soon as a bug is caught and restarts the process. This consumes unnecessary memory. Programming Languages like Python, Ruby and Java uses an interpreter.

The Device Drivers – The device drivers and the device programs or the system software that acts as an interface between the various Input-Output devices and the users or the operating system. For eg., the Printers, Web cameras come with a driver disk that is needed to be installed into the system to make the device run in the system.

The BIOS – It stands for Basic Input Output System and is a small firmware that controls the peripheral or the input-output devices attached to the system. This software is also responsible for starting the OS or initiating the booting process.

Application Software

These are the basic software used to run to accomplish a particular action and task. These are the dedicated software, dedicated to performing simple and single tasks. For e.g. single software cannot serve to both the reservation system and banking system. These are divided into two types:

The General Purpose Application Software: These are the types of application software that comes in-built and ready to use, manufactured by some company or someone. For e.g.

• Microsoft Excel – Used to prepare excel sheets.
• VLC Media Player – Used to play audio/video files.
• Adobe Photoshop – Used for designing and animation and many more.

The Specific Purpose Application Software: These are the type of software that is customizable and mostly used in real-time or business environment. For e.g.

• Ticket Reservation System
• Healthcare Management System
• Hotel Management System
• Payroll Management System

Utility Software

These are the most basic type of software which provides high utility to the user and the system. These perform the basic but daily need tasks. For example:

Antivirus Softwares: These provide protection to the computer system from unwanted malware and viruses. For e.g. Quick Heal, McAfee etc.

Disk Defragmenter Tools: These help the users to analyze the bad sectors of the disk and rearrange the files in a proper order.

Text-editors: These help the users to take regular notes and create basic text files. For e.g. Notepad, Gedit etc.

Theory - 92 :- Block Diagram Of SMPS

SMPS is nothing but an electronic circuit which is used in most of the electronic devices to provide their required voltage and current. We know that electronic circuits and devices are very sensitive. Most of the electronic devices work on DC power supply. An electronic circuit may contain different components and they required different voltage and current. So the main purpose of the use of SMPS is to provide the required voltage and current for each component.

SMPS is used in computer. So there are many components and circuits inside the computer. All of them does not take the same voltage and current. In this case, the SMPS provides different voltage and current to different components and circuits according to their requirement.

 

Switched Mode Power Supply Working Principle

1. According to the above block diagram, the working principle is explained below.
2. The first block is the Bridge rectifier circuit. So the input high voltage AC supply(230V) is given to the rectifier and it converted into high voltage DC(230V).
3. Then the unfiltered DC is filtered by the filter circuit. 
4. Then the high voltage DC is converted into very high-frequency square wave AC. Here the high-frequency switch is used to convert DC to AC. The switch is controlled by the feedback and control circuit.
5. The high-frequency AC is step down into low voltage( maybe 12V, 6V, etc) by a fly back high-frequency transformer.
6. Then again a rectifier circuit is used to convert the low voltage AC to DC.
7. A filter circuit is used to filter the DC.
8. The feedback path and control circuits are used to control the output DC supply. Mainly the Pulse Width Modulation Circuit is used for the control circuit.

 

 

IMPACTS OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY

INTRODUCTION

This era of ICT continues to influence our lifestyle both positively and negatively. some of the issues that result from the use of ICT in the society. 

This include:

1. Effects on Employment

The introduction of computers at the workplace has resulted in Creation of new jobs, Replacement of computer illiterates workers and Displacement of jobs

• Job Creation  ICT has introduced new employment opportunities that never existed before. The new job titles are computer operators, programmers, network administrators, ICT science etc.
• Job Replacement The workers that are computer illiterates are replaced with those who are computer literate
• Job Displacement Here the workers do not lose their jobs instead they are are moved to another place or department

2. Effects on Automated Production

Used in manufacturing industries to automate their process in order to reduce cost, increase production e.g computer controlled robots

3. Issues Of Workers Health

This are effects on our health e.g Repetitive strain Injuries, Eyestrain, Headache, electromagnetic emission and environmental issues

4. Cultural Effects

ICT has presented challenges to our moral and cultural values. ICT has changed the way we talk, affected our privacy, human rights and integrity e.g
- Use of internet
- Computer related crime e.g. hocking, eavesdropping etc.
- Use of computers to forge certificates, passport and other documents.
- Has been used as a complaint platform against aspects of the society g drug abuse

5. Breath through in ICT

Future trends of ICT